Black mold on drywall

Black mold on drywall

Black mold on drywall. Black mold can be a serious issue in homes and can pose health risks to those living in affected spaces. Many homeowners turn to vinegar as a natural and cost-effective solution fo... Those with allergies or asthma may experience difficulty breathing if they are exposed to mold spores. In extreme cases, mold exposure can even lead to death. For this reason, it is important to remove black mold on the drywall as soon as possible. There are a few different ways to remove black mold on drywall. One option is to use a bleach ... Oct 6, 2023 · Vinegar can also be used to treat black mold in bathroom walls since the acid is able to penetrate drywall, which is relatively porous. If the vinegar smell is too strong, baking soda can also ... Need to take down the drywall because mold will be on the studs. Concrobium is a good spray. Could also spray with a white vinegar mix. Keep spraying the pieces of drywall to keep them wet. Mold will probably be on the back of the drywall, so spray that. Probably get big construction bags and put the pieces in as you take it down so you are not ...These are the tools you need to remove the black mold on the drywall in your basement: Glasses. Respirator mask. Knife or a keyhole saw. Bleach to disinfect. …Baking soda: A solution of 1 teaspoon of baking soda mixed with 2 cups of water in a spray bottle can be used to kill mold. Residents will want to spray the area, scrub with a sponge or a brush ...May 26, 2023 ... What Causes Black Mold? · Moisture level (humidity) at or over 70% · Adequate food source (such as drywall) · Oxygen · Temperatures tha...Signs of black mold in your home. This type of fungus will show several signs to help you with its positive identification. Some of the ways to identify it and the spread of its spores include: A musty odor in areas where it grows. Discolored walls, ceilings, floors and other areas. Water damaged or rotted flooring, ceiling and wall materials.Feb 15, 2021 · Step 2: Smooth Out. Once you have all your supplies in place, you are going to want to smooth out the drywall that you have in your bucket. Many times, when you are using drywall mud, it gets a bit sloppy in the bucket. Pieces will be stuck to the side, and the top will not be smooth or even. Black mold that forms in your home isn’t just unsightly — it can pose a real health hazard to you and your family. This type of mold typically grows in areas that are continuously ...Estimated Cost: $5 to $10. When mold spores are exposed to moderate temperatures and moisture, they begin to grow and multiply. Consequently, our homes, especially bathrooms and damp basements, …Mold Detection. It is often hard to detect mold behind a dishwasher because it can usually only be seen after removing the dishwasher. To notice the mold easily, you can try to rely on your sense of smell. Mold has an earthy odor. Another method involves using mold-testing kits to help locate mold that is hard to find.Cleaning the black mold may not be enough. You may need to discard items that have a black mold exposure. You also may need to cut out drywall with black mold and replace it with a patch. Should you have a black mold issue inside the drywall, which can happen with leaking pipes or a leaking roof, replacement is the best option.Yes, you will die. Probably not from the "Black Mold" and not for 70 or 80 years, but Yep, just like the rest of us. 11. Rightquercusalba. • 6 yr. ago. The dehumidifier will definitely help prevent indoor humidity levels and prevent mold from spreading but you really need to find the source of the problem.Its extremely important to Get rid of Black Mold on Drywall as soon as you start noticing it to prevent serious mold damage! Use Borax To Scrub Away The Mold. Borax has a higher pH than baking soda or vinegar, which makes it the best option for killing mold. Youll want to use 1 cup of Borax for every gallon of water you use.To kill mold using ammonia, create a solution of 50% clear ammonia and 50% water in a spray bottle and spray it on moldy areas. Make sure the ammonia you use says “clear ammonia” on the label. Leave the area for a few hours before wiping and rinsing. Often detergents or mold cleaning products will contain ammonia.Whether you’re a seasoned contractor or a DIY enthusiast, estimating the amount of drywall needed for your project is crucial to ensure a smooth and cost-effective construction pro...Aug 25, 2023 · Wearing gloves, a mask, and goggles, scrub the affected area with warm, soapy water. Pre-scrubbing the mold will help to break up the surface before you go in with a cleaner. Spray pure, distilled white vinegar onto the mold and let it sit for at least 15 minutes. Then, scrub the surface with a stiff-bristled brush. The Mold Armor kit includes a test swab, petri dish, and a bottle of mold growth medium. You can use this single kit in one of three ways—to test the air for mold spores, to test air quality in your HVAC duct, or to test for surface mold. To use the kit, pour the growth medium in the petri dish, replace the lid, and allow it to gel for one hour.2. A Musty, Putrid Smell. A damp, musty odor that reminds you of old books and paper decay indicates that your drywall is infected with mold. The stench comes from the action of the fungi against the gypsum food source, releasing chemicals called Mold Volatile Organic Compounds or MVOCs.. Mold causes your house to smell like an old …Mar 16, 2023 · Black mold is especially toxic and should be handled by professional. For other types of mold, if the mold extends throughout a large portion of your drywall, you will likely need professional help to fix the problem. Cleaning the black mold may not be enough. You may need to discard items that have a black mold exposure. You also may need to cut out drywall with black mold and replace it with a patch. Should you have a black mold issue inside the drywall, which can happen with leaking pipes or a leaking roof, replacement is the best option.Black Mold On Top Of The Drywall Paint. If the mold is on top of the paint, removal is simple. Step 1: While wearing gloves and a respirator to protect you from spores, use plastic to cover the floor. Step 2: Make a cleaning solution with half a cup of bleach to one gallon of water.Add full-strength white distilled vinegar to a spray bottle and spray it on the mold. Let it sit for at least an hour before wiping away mold. If you need follow-up scrubbing, combine one teaspoon baking soda with two cups of water. Pour it into a spray bottle, shake and spray it onto the mold. Scrub with a brush or scouring pad.Learn how to identify, remove and prevent mold on drywall with this step-by-step guide. Find out when to hire a pro, what tools and …Black Mold Loves Growing On Drywall Because It Is Basically A Giant Food Source. Made up of gypsum encased in two layers of soft paper, black mold feeds on the paper as a food source. Drywall also soaks up water like a sponge, stays wet for long periods of time, and is difficult to properly dry. When drywall gets wet, mold usually …Black mold, as the name implies, is often dark in color. When searching for black mold, look for circular-shaped spots that are black, dark green or dark brown. Some black mold can also take on shades of orange or have flecks of white within it. Most of the time, black mold has a slightly furry appearance.Black mold is especially toxic and should be handled by professional. For other types of mold, if the mold extends throughout a …Advice. How to get rid of black mold – expert tips to remove mold from your home. Find out how to get rid of black mold using these easy techniques from cleaning …Wearing gloves, a mask, and goggles, scrub the affected area with warm, soapy water. Pre-scrubbing the mold will help to break up the surface before you go in with a cleaner. Spray pure, distilled white vinegar onto the mold and let it sit for at least 15 minutes. Then, scrub the surface with a stiff-bristled brush.Are you planning a home renovation project that involves drywall installation? If so, one tool that can help you streamline the process and ensure accurate cost estimates is a dryw...Those with allergies or asthma may experience difficulty breathing if they are exposed to mold spores. In extreme cases, mold exposure can even lead to death. For this reason, it is important to remove black mold on the drywall as soon as possible. There are a few different ways to remove black mold on drywall. One option is to use a bleach ...Black mold, or Stachybotrys chartarum, surfaces as blackish-green spots or blemishes. It lives on moist, cellulose-rich surfaces like fiberboard, drywall, and gypsum board. Black mold is most attracted to moisture, which is why it lives in previously-flooded homes, leaky pipe areas, or anywhere with water damage.Common Types of Toxic Mold. 1. Stachybotrys. Stachybotrys is otherwise known as black mold and is one of the more harmful toxic mold species. Black mold is usually found inside a house. The mycotoxins that this species of mold produce can cause the lungs to bleed, which is fatal to animals and infants.Dec 22, 2023 · Mix a solution of five parts distilled white vinegar and five parts water to one part baking soda. Mix well and apply with a spray bottle. Saturate the mold and allow the spray to sit for 30 minutes to an hour before scrubbing with a sponge or scrub brush. Get rid of any items that have mold, such as old towels or toiletries. phoenix arizona to sedonafantasy cosmetica Once mold starts to grow in carpet, insulation, ceiling tiles, drywall, or wallboard, the only way to deal with the problem is by removal and replacement. It is important to properly clean and dry the area as you can still have an allergic reaction to parts of the dead mold and mold contamination may recur if there is still a source of moisture.Jun 22, 2022 ... Aspergillus niger – this black mold is normally a powdery substance that can grow both indoors and outdoors, thriving on a wide variety of ...2. Molds are part of the natural environment, and can be found everywhere, indoors and outdoors. Mold is not usually a problem, unless it begins growing indoors. The best way to control mold growth is to control moisture. This website provides guidance about mold and moisture for homes, schools, multifamily and commercial buildings.A major mold infestation can ruin your home — and your health! The first step in mold remediation is learning how to remove it. Mold is a major-league nuisance. It blackens the grout lines in your shower, discolors drywall, shows up as black spots on siding, darkens decks, and grows on and rots ...Kill extensive mold growth. If the moldy area is large or extremely heavy, chlorine bleach is needed. Mix 1 tablespoon of dishwashing liquid, 1/2 cup of chlorine bleach, and 1 cup of warm water. Apply the mixture to the moldy area with a sponge and allow the wood to air dry. Finish by buffing with a soft cloth.Let the area dry completely. If the surface is more porous or absorbent, such as drywall or ceiling tiles, Rodriguez recommends spraying and scrubbing the surface with a 50/50 solution of white vinegar and 3% hydrogen peroxide. However, if the mold is too stubborn, you may need to cut out the infected areas.Mold issues pile up in Maine after rainy winter storms. Jon Symonds, senior production manager at ServPro, inspects a basement in Bangor for mold. He …Mar 31, 2022 ... Methods For Removing Mold · 1. Water and Bleach · 2. Household Detergent · 3. Does Vinegar Kill Mold On Drywall? · 4. Hydrogen Peroxide...Apr 11, 2022 ... “Black Mold” or stachybotrys is a specific type of toxic fungus that can appear in damp areas of your house. It is characterized by its unique ... pipe fitter 597natural stain remover Black vs. Green Mold. Black mold goes by the scientific name Stachybotrys. Under this umbrella term are numerous species that include Stachybotrys chartarum, or toxic black mold. It grows on building materials such as drywall. When there is water damage, this black-colored fungus is a common sight. A green mold may fall …The Chinese drywall exported from 2001-2009 was found to be defective, containing high levels of the sulfurous gases – carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide. These emissions, which have the odor of rotten eggs, worsen as temperature and humidity rise. They cause copper surfaces to turn black and powdery, a chemical process ...Mar 16, 2023 · Black mold is especially toxic and should be handled by professional. For other types of mold, if the mold extends throughout a large portion of your drywall, you will likely need professional help to fix the problem. hardest math problems 1. Pay attention to any smells in your building. Black mold has a mildew or musty smell. If your building smells like this, try to follow the smell to the source of the mold. If you cannot see the mold, it may be behind a wall or in another well covered space. [2] 2. Observe the color of the mold. xfinity student wifi dollar10 a monthcars with 3 row seatingchorme music lab 4. Cut Out Moldy Sections. Once the area is dry, you will need to cut out any moldy sections of drywall. Use a sharp knife or box cutter to cut out the moldy sections. First, cut around the moldy area. Then, cut through the paper backing of the drywall. Finally, remove the moldy piece of drywall.Dec 18, 2018 · A major mold infestation can ruin your home — and your health! The first step in mold remediation is learning how to remove it. Mold is a major-league nuisance. It blackens the grout lines in your shower, discolors drywall, shows up as black spots on siding, darkens decks, and grows on and rots ... Mildew is a specific type of mold that develops on the surface of damp walls, doors, shower grouting and similar areas. It appears as small, flat black spots ... charles schwab atm Apr 23, 2023 · How To Remove Black Mold From Drywall. Mold needs a few things to grow and survive. These include moisture, warmth, darkness, and a food source. Unluckily, the paper face on a moist sheet of drywall serves as an ideal food source for mold. funny bible quotes Concrobium Mold Control is a patented solution that effectively eliminates and prevents mold and mildew with no bleach or harmful chemicals. It can also be used to get rid of musty odors. The product works as it dries by crushing mold spores at the roots and leaves behind an invisible antimicrobial shield that prevents future mold growth. Use …The short answer to that question is yes, it can be. The problem with black mold is that it does not affect the health of every person in the same way. Some people may not experience any direct reactions from being exposed to black mold. But those who are sensitive to allergies, have respiratory illnesses such as asthma, or who are very young ...Mold and mildew growth is common in areas of your home that collect lots of moisture. You may notice black mold or mildew in bathrooms, kitchens or basements. Mold and mildew can c...Black Mold on Drywall. During my many house calls, drywall is one of the most common surfaces I’ve encountered with black mold. These walls, which form the backbone of our homes, can become silent carriers of harmless and toxic mold species. While a wall might seem mundane, each patch of mold I’ve documented on drywall …Those with allergies or asthma may experience difficulty breathing if they are exposed to mold spores. In extreme cases, mold exposure can even lead to death. For this reason, it is important to remove black mold on the drywall as soon as possible. There are a few different ways to remove black mold on drywall. One option is to use a bleach ... best burger san diegofiber optic vs cable Allow the vinegar to sit for one hour. It takes a little time for the vinegar to work into the mold and break it. Give it at least an hour before you return to scrub the mold away. 6. Scrub the mold away with warm water and a scrub brush. Using a brush, scrub at the area of mold which has been sitting in the vinegar.Aug 1, 2008 ... Mildew? Mold? How do you tell? What to do? 1st instinct was chuck it and get new stuff. Can I just scrape the black ...What is Black Mold? Health Risks Associated with Black Mold. How Black Mold Affects Drywall. Causes of Black Mold on Drywall. Excessive Moisture and Humidity. Poor …That being said, people often hear about “black mold” being the most dangerous when it comes to property damage. ... drywall after water damage incidents and is a ... deck sealer Dec 8, 2021 ... If the mold has only just begun to live on your walls, you can mix a half cup of bleach and a quart of water to create a mold killer. Mix the ...Shower walls, bathroom walls, and shower curtains are also potential black mold spots. Because black mold grows with excessive moisture for a prolonged period, we suggest drying wet surfaces, …Jul 6, 2018 ... As for the concrete.. You can clean that.the best thing to use is Lysol. It actually kills the microorganisms that keeps the mold growing. Alot ...Apr 18, 2018 ... 39 Real-Life Images Of Mold in Homes - https://themoldinsider.com/pictures-of-mold/ What Does Mold Look Like on Walls and Drywall? otto insurancetiktok starbucks drinks Sep 26, 2022 · Black mold can also grow in irregular patterns, appearing as dark splotches upon walls and floors. Because of its propensity for moisture, black mold tends to appear shiny or slimy in texture. But ... Mar 14, 2023 · Differences Between Mold and Mildew. While mold and mildew are both fungi that need water, oxygen, and food in order to live and survive, they differ in a number of ways. Mold tends to have a higher profile and can even become fuzzy, while mildew is usually flat. Mold exhibits darker colors such as deep green and black; mildew may begin as ... Alright, time to get down to business. Using a utility knife, cut out the damaged section of the drywall. It’s a good idea to cut a few inches beyond the visible mold to ensure you’re removing all affected areas. Be gentle, take your time, and remember to dispose of the moldy pieces safely. Black mold, also known as Stachybotrys chartarum, is a type of mold that thrives in damp, dark environments. This mold can often be found growing behind drywall, on ceiling tiles, or in other places where there is moisture.Identifying Mold on Drywall Common signs of mold on drywall. When it comes to identifying mold on drywall, there are a few key signs you can look out for. The most obvious sign is the presence of visible mold growth, which can appear as black, green, or even pink patches on the surface of the drywall.Mar 31, 2022 ... Methods For Removing Mold · 1. Water and Bleach · 2. Household Detergent · 3. Does Vinegar Kill Mold On Drywall? · 4. Hydrogen Peroxide...Black mold can be unhealthy and dangerous if left untreated in your home. It can cause health problems as well as lead to more costly damage. Removal of black mold is not as easy a...Most holes are the results of unhappy accidents. Although a hole in your wall can make your heart drop, the fix doesn’t have to be complicated, but it may require patience and a fe...When it comes to home improvement projects, one of the most common tasks is hanging drywall. Whether you’re renovating a room or building an entire house from scratch, accurately e... 120v hot tub After a natural disaster such as a hurricane or flood, excess moisture and water can contribute to the growth of mold in homes. If your home was flooded or damaged by water, mold may be present and may pose a health risk. You may see or smell mold on clothing, drywall, and furniture. It may also be hidden under or behind items like flooring, …Black mold can be a serious issue in any home or building. Not only can it cause health problems for you and your family, but it can also result in damage to your property. If you’...What causes black mold? When it comes to black mold, prevention is definitely better than trying to find a cure. ... Paper is its favorite food, but it can also grow well on wood, cardboard, particleboard, straw and drywall. In fact, even lint and dust can contain cellulose and be a sufficient food source for black mould. A place to grow.Concrobium Mold Control is a patented solution that effectively eliminates and prevents mold and mildew with no bleach or harmful chemicals. It can also be used to get rid of musty odors. The product works as it dries by crushing mold spores at the roots and leaves behind an invisible antimicrobial shield that prevents future mold growth. Use … kerotin Anti-mold Housekeeping Tips. For small areas, scrub moldy surfaces with a commercial product or a mix of bleach (1 cup or 237 mL) and water (1 gallon or 3.8 L). Large infestations ( more than 10 square feet or 0.9 square meters) might require professional mold removal. Prevent mold growth by promptly addressing water leaks …After a natural disaster such as a hurricane or flood, excess moisture and water can contribute to the growth of mold in homes. If your home was flooded or damaged by water, mold may be present and may pose a health risk. You may see or smell mold on clothing, drywall, and furniture. It may also be hidden under or behind items like flooring, … how to start drawing Aug 1, 2008 ... Mildew? Mold? How do you tell? What to do? 1st instinct was chuck it and get new stuff. Can I just scrape the black ...Black mold is a specific species of fungus called Stachybotrys. Stachybotrys is a slow-growing mold that needs extensive amounts of water on porous building materials to grow and thrive. It may produce off-gassing of mycotoxins, which can be harmful and toxic for humans and their pets. Stachybotrys may also be green and gray in appearance as ...Dec 18, 2018 · A major mold infestation can ruin your home — and your health! The first step in mold remediation is learning how to remove it. Mold is a major-league nuisance. It blackens the grout lines in your shower, discolors drywall, shows up as black spots on siding, darkens decks, and grows on and rots ... Vinegar can kill black mold and is best used on nonporous surfaces. White vinegar is a powerhouse for cleaning, deodorizing, and disinfecting around the house. It can also kill black mold, a mold ...Estimated Cost: $5 to $10. When mold spores are exposed to moderate temperatures and moisture, they begin to grow and multiply. Consequently, our homes, especially bathrooms and damp basements, …Nov 29, 2023 · STEP 5: Observe whether mold appears in the dish. After 2 days have passed, the homeowner can check the petri dish for signs of mold growth. If mold is present, it will look similar to the mold ... do elephants have predatorsline x cost Once mold starts to grow in carpet, insulation, ceiling tiles, drywall, or wallboard, the only way to deal with the problem is by removal and replacement. It is important to properly clean and dry the area as you can still have an allergic reaction to parts of the dead mold and mold contamination may recur if there is still a source of moisture.Vinegar. Place undiluted white vinegar in a spray bottle. Apply to the mold and allow to sit for 1 hour. Wipe the surface and allow to air dry. Baking soda. Combine 2 tbsp. baking soda with 2 cups ...Learn how to recognize black mold on drywall, what causes it, and how to get rid of it safely and effectively. Find out when to replace the drywall and how to prevent mold …Mold, also known as mildew, is a fungus that grows in damp and decaying conditions. There are many species of mold in a wide range of colors, including white, green and black. Mold spreads by releasing spores that begin new colonies when they land on wet or damp surfaces. Some people experience health problems when they come into …Yes! Mold can travel through drywall easily. If you notice mold in any part of your drywall it is very important that you deal with it as soon as you can, as a matter of urgency. Because drywall is a porous material, mold and mildew view it as a haven. It can quickly bloom and infect whole stretches of wall, as well as gain access to any nearby ... Black mold removal. There is a big myth that bleach will kill and stop the spread of black mold, but honestly, it doesn’t work, since components of bleach prevent it from penetrating deep into porous material (drywall, wood, etc…) to really get rid of the mold. The single best method for black mold removal is to cut and remove the infected ... 1. Inspect and Evaluate the Moldy Areas. Thoroughly inspecting the mold damage on your drywall will guide your removal approach. Follow these tips: Note the …Mold typically feeds on organic matter, such as paper and wood, commonly used for the structural elements of a house. Water can wick up drywall so that even 1” of flooding could cause the drywall to become wet up to 4’ from the floor. Also, the paper backing of drywall is a perfect source of nutrients for mold.Jan 16, 2019 · Mold is commonly found on concrete basement floors. Typically, you’ll see a fuzzy, white mold growing on the surface of your concrete due to moisture rising from the wet ground. Most times, the mold grows after prolonged dampness or flooding. You can easily identify it by its characteristic white cottony mycelium. Fungicide: Kills mold or mildew systems at the roots. Mildewstat: Helps prevent the re-growth of mold and mildew spores. Virucide: Kills viruses. It’s worth noting that many products are a combination of these mold remover types, including our best overall pick, the RMR Brands RMR-141 Disinfectant.Black mold (Stachybotrys chartarum) is one of the most well known mold species because it’s the most harmful of all the molds found in indoor environments. It is typically greenish-black in colour, which makes it easy to distinguish, especially when found growing in areas of high moisture. ... White mold growth on your drywall can be ...Jan 30, 2023 · Black mold is a specific species of fungus called Stachybotrys. Stachybotrys is a slow-growing mold that needs extensive amounts of water on porous building materials to grow and thrive. It may produce off-gassing of mycotoxins, which can be harmful and toxic for humans and their pets. Stachybotrys may also be green and gray in appearance as ... Make absolutely sure that there is no longer any visible mold, discoloration or mold odor present. Remember, any rags you use for this step should go straight in the trash! Direct a fan at the newly cleaned area of the ceiling. Keep the fan on medium or high and allow it to dry the area for at least an hour. luxury vinyl planks The Mold Armor kit includes a test swab, petri dish, and a bottle of mold growth medium. You can use this single kit in one of three ways—to test the air for mold spores, to test air quality in your HVAC duct, or to test for surface mold. To use the kit, pour the growth medium in the petri dish, replace the lid, and allow it to gel for one hour.But does bleach kill black mold, especially on porous surfaces like wood and drywall? Mold is a common problem that can be found in many homes. There are different types of mold, some of which are more harmful than others. Black mold is a type of mold that can be particularly dangerous. If you have black mold in your home, it is important to ...Jan 6, 2024 ... Provided you rule out a water leak I'd spray the entire sheetrock with a gallon of Concrobium and a garden sprayer, let it dry completely and ... iowa 80 trucking museum 1. Pay attention to any smells in your building. Black mold has a mildew or musty smell. If your building smells like this, try to follow the smell to the source of the mold. If you cannot see the mold, it may be behind a wall or in another well covered space. [2] 2. Observe the color of the mold.A major mold infestation can ruin your home — and your health! The first step in mold remediation is learning how to remove it. Mold is a major-league nuisance. It blackens the grout lines in your shower, discolors drywall, shows up as black spots on siding, darkens decks, and grows on and rots ...Step 2: Smooth Out. Once you have all your supplies in place, you are going to want to smooth out the drywall that you have in your bucket. Many times, when you are using drywall mud, it gets a bit sloppy in the bucket. Pieces will be stuck to the side, and the top will not be smooth or even.1. Pay attention to any smells in your building. Black mold has a mildew or musty smell. If your building smells like this, try to follow the smell to the source of the mold. If you cannot see the mold, it may be behind a wall or in another well covered space. [2] 2. Observe the color of the mold. my canvareplace a kitchen faucet A common misconception is that you can successfully remove mold with chlorine bleach. Chlorine bleach is extremely effective at killing bacteria, but not mold. Bleach is composed of chlorine (4%) and water (96%). The chlorine will not penetrate any surface; it will possibly only kill what is on the affected surface. Jun 24, 2019 ... Big difference between mold that is Black in color and actual "Rare" black mold. ... American Builder Full Show: Mold, Moisture, and Drywall. rent electric bike Alright, time to get down to business. Using a utility knife, cut out the damaged section of the drywall. It’s a good idea to cut a few inches beyond the visible mold to ensure you’re removing all affected areas. Be gentle, take your time, and remember to dispose of the moldy pieces safely. Black Mold on Drywall. During my many house calls, drywall is one of the most common surfaces I’ve encountered with black mold. These walls, which form the backbone of our homes, can become silent carriers of harmless and toxic mold species. While a wall might seem mundane, each patch of mold I’ve documented on drywall …Black mold can be unhealthy and dangerous if left untreated in your home. It can cause health problems as well as lead to more costly damage. Removal of black mold is not as easy a...Mildew is always flat, and may begin white and then turn brown, gray or black. Mildew is flat and grows on the surface of things. Mold is usually fuzzy and raised above the surface that it is growing on. Mold can be many different colors ranging from white, yellow, green, gray, to black. The biggest difference between mold and mildew is …Black mold: Do I have to replace drywall if the mold is only on the interior wall? It hasn’t penetrated through the drywall. Water has been seeping through my crawlspace which has caused mold growth. I can see it at the crack. There is obviously plenty growing behind the drywall. Of course I have to stop the water intrusion.Dec 12, 2023 · White Vinegar – The high acetic acid content in white vinegar kills mold spores. Mix equal parts vinegar and water in a spray bottle. Spray on mold and let sit before scrubbing and rinsing. Baking Soda – Create a paste with baking soda and water. Apply to moldy areas, let sit for 15 minutes, then scrub and rinse away. Oct 10, 2022 · 2. It's mold. It likely poses no health risk, maybe unless you turn it into dust by sanding it and breathing it in, but you're not going to do that since you'll remove that drywall. Drywall will get moldy if it stays humid for a long time. This can happen if there's a water leak on the other side, or a defect in the insulation which creates a ... Step 3: Clean and Dry the Cavity. Using a mold-killing solution, like mold control spray, bleach, or vinegar, clean the cavity thoroughly. Once you’ve lightly sprayed the cavity and removed any mold that was behind the drywall, it’s time to dry. Use an electric fan on high to ensure it dries completely.Mar 31, 2023 ... It grows and spreads on materials that contain a lot of cellulose, including paper products, wood products and drywall. Cellulose is a fiber ...The single best method for black mold removal is to cut and remove the infected area, replacing it with new material; I highly recommend that you go back with a mold resistant …Nov 23, 2018 · The timeline of black mold growth can be visualized in several stages, each dependent on the conditions of its environment: Upon landing on a damp, fiber-rich material such as wood, fabric, or drywall, black mold spores can start to grow within just 1-2 days. This initial growth is microscopic and not yet visible to the naked eye. matte color cars RMR-86 mold stain remover is safe to use on most surfaces, including drywall, vinyl siding, concrete, brick, and kitchen and bathroom tiles. This product is available in a 32-ounce spray bottle, a ...Nov 21, 2019 · Vinegar. Place undiluted white vinegar in a spray bottle. Apply to the mold and allow to sit for 1 hour. Wipe the surface and allow to air dry. Baking soda. Combine 2 tbsp. baking soda with 2 cups ... adult indoor playground Mold, also known as mildew, is a fungus that grows in damp and decaying conditions. There are many species of mold in a wide range of colors, including white, green and black. Mold spreads by releasing spores that begin new colonies when they land on wet or damp surfaces. Some people experience health problems when they come into …Common places for black mold to grow are within porous materials such as carpet, drywall, insulation, or curtains. Getting rid of black mold from these types of ...However, those with an allergy or sensitivity to the spores may experience symptoms such as congestion, red eyes, respiratory problems, and skin rashes. Mold is a type of fungus. In general ...It is possible to tile over painted drywall, as long as the drywall is sufficiently prepared beforehand. Preparing the drywall requires that the surface be roughed up with a sandin... car detailing colorado springs Look for discoloration and stains: The mold in your drywall may not be on it, but rather in it. If you’re seeing discoloration or stains on your walls, then that’s a good sign there’s mold within it. If you’ve had a … Black mold removal. There is a big myth that bleach will kill and stop the spread of black mold, but honestly, it doesn’t work, since components of bleach prevent it from penetrating deep into porous material (drywall, wood, etc…) to really get rid of the mold. The single best method for black mold removal is to cut and remove the infected ... Sep 28, 2022 · Spread it all around the area in order to contain it so it doesn’t get out. The method starts by placing an air scrubber around the area affected. This will thoroughly filter the air around the mold. A heap vacuum is required to be placed over the drywall so the spore, mycotoxins, and mycelium are contained within it. Black mold, as the name implies, is often dark in color. When searching for black mold, look for circular-shaped spots that are black, dark green or dark brown. Some black mold can also take on shades of orange or have flecks of white within it. Most of the time, black mold has a slightly furry appearance.Jan 30, 2023 · Black mold is a specific species of fungus called Stachybotrys. Stachybotrys is a slow-growing mold that needs extensive amounts of water on porous building materials to grow and thrive. It may produce off-gassing of mycotoxins, which can be harmful and toxic for humans and their pets. Stachybotrys may also be green and gray in appearance as ... Black mold is a type of mold that grows on damp or water-damaged surfaces, such as drywall. Learn how to spot black mold, what it looks like, and how to safely clean it up with natural solutions or …Feb 8, 2005 ... Co. called me, she said she knew, and the other contractor is going to use 3/8″ drywall over the existing drywall to cover the BLACK mold ...Apr 23, 2019 ... For example, a mixture of bleach and water – one-half cup bleach to one quart of water – will disinfect the surface of your drywall and ensure ...When you see a lot of black mold on a wall like this, there is often mold growing inside the wall, as well. It’s usually impossible to clean walls like this. In such cases, it’s usually necessary to remove the drywall and insulation and replace them with new, mold-free …Stains, like fungus, are removed from the surface using a metal spatula. Remove the top layer of finishing material. After removing the stain or fungus it is required to treat the surface with a chlorinated compound, allow the surface to dry and apply a primer. After priming, paint is applied. Grease stains and traces from drinks can be removed ...Dec 22, 2023 · Mix a solution of five parts distilled white vinegar and five parts water to one part baking soda. Mix well and apply with a spray bottle. Saturate the mold and allow the spray to sit for 30 minutes to an hour before scrubbing with a sponge or scrub brush. Get rid of any items that have mold, such as old towels or toiletries. 1. How Mold Grows. Molds grow from microscopic spores that are universal. You can find molds on every continent, and in almost every type of environment. Mold needs 4 things to grow: oxygen, moisture, a food source, and warmth. The most unusual thing about mold is that molds grow inside of their food sources.Black Mold on Drywall. During my many house calls, drywall is one of the most common surfaces I’ve encountered with black mold. These walls, which form the backbone of our homes, can become silent carriers of harmless and toxic mold species. While a wall might seem mundane, each patch of mold I’ve documented on drywall …Oct 10, 2022 · 2. It's mold. It likely poses no health risk, maybe unless you turn it into dust by sanding it and breathing it in, but you're not going to do that since you'll remove that drywall. Drywall will get moldy if it stays humid for a long time. This can happen if there's a water leak on the other side, or a defect in the insulation which creates a ... Nov 17, 2023 · However, those with an allergy or sensitivity to the spores may experience symptoms such as congestion, red eyes, respiratory problems, and skin rashes. Mold is a type of fungus. In general ... Black mold, like most molds, thrive in conditions that are dark, unventilated and damp. The less the spores are disturbed the more they will grow it can grow ... Dont drench the area as additional moisture can make the mold on drywall worse or even damage your walls. Spray once or twice to cover the moldy area. If the solution is … new bars new yorkformal men's clothes 4. Cut Out Moldy Sections. Once the area is dry, you will need to cut out any moldy sections of drywall. Use a sharp knife or box cutter to cut out the moldy sections. First, cut around the moldy area. Then, cut through the paper backing of the drywall. Finally, remove the moldy piece of drywall. best shampoo for oily scalp Apr 23, 2023 · How To Remove Black Mold From Drywall. Mold needs a few things to grow and survive. These include moisture, warmth, darkness, and a food source. Unluckily, the paper face on a moist sheet of drywall serves as an ideal food source for mold. Allow the area to air dry completely. Once the area is dry, apply a mold prevention primer to the affected area. Allow the primer to dry completely, then apply mold prevention paint to the area. Keep the area adequately ventilated to prevent future mold growth. Monitor the area for any signs of mold growth and repeat steps 2 to 8 as …Cleaning the black mold may not be enough. You may need to discard items that have a black mold exposure. You also may need to cut out drywall with black mold and replace it with a patch. Should you have a black mold issue inside the drywall, which can happen with leaking pipes or a leaking roof, replacement is the best option.STEP 5: Observe whether mold appears in the dish. After 2 days have passed, the homeowner can check the petri dish for signs of mold growth. If mold is present, it will look similar to the mold ...Black mold removal. There is a big myth that bleach will kill and stop the spread of black mold, but honestly, it doesn’t work, since components of bleach prevent it from penetrating deep into porous material (drywall, wood, etc…) to really get rid of the mold. The single best method for black mold removal is to cut and remove the infected ...A: Painting over mold may cover up the dark patches where the mold is growing, but it will not eliminate the problem. Mold is a fungus that will thrive where there’s enough moisture to encourage ...Dec 22, 2023 · Mix a solution of five parts distilled white vinegar and five parts water to one part baking soda. Mix well and apply with a spray bottle. Saturate the mold and allow the spray to sit for 30 minutes to an hour before scrubbing with a sponge or scrub brush. Get rid of any items that have mold, such as old towels or toiletries. But some are deadly, such as toxic black mold. Toxic black mold can release spores as it feeds on common household materials such as drywall, carpet, insulation, or sub-flooring that have been exposed to moisture. These spores, if ingested or inhaled, can cause a range of unpleasant and even dangerous symptoms in humans. …Black Mold Loves Growing On Drywall Because It Is Basically A Giant Food Source. Made up of gypsum encased in two layers of soft paper, black mold feeds on the paper as a food source. Drywall also soaks up water like a sponge, stays wet for long periods of time, and is difficult to properly dry. When drywall gets wet, mold usually …You’ll save money on your remodeling project by installing drywall yourself. Read on for more information about the price range you can expect for different types of drywall. Beadb...Within the very first day of its presence Black mold spores begin to spread and multiply, quickly affecting the air quality within your home. Black Mold spores can spread throughout your entire house within 12 to 48 hours. Within one to twelve days it can grow to cover an area of several square feet. So as you can imagine, you don’t have much ...Oct 6, 2023 · Vinegar can also be used to treat black mold in bathroom walls since the acid is able to penetrate drywall, which is relatively porous. If the vinegar smell is too strong, baking soda can also ... Additionally, don’t cut the drywall if you suspect black mold is on the inside of the wall, as you will spread the spores. Rather than cutting the drywall yourself, you should reach out to a mold removal pro for help. As a novice, you simply cannot do this process safely. Rely on the pro for the proper tools, protective gear, and experience ...Mar 14, 2023 · Differences Between Mold and Mildew. While mold and mildew are both fungi that need water, oxygen, and food in order to live and survive, they differ in a number of ways. Mold tends to have a higher profile and can even become fuzzy, while mildew is usually flat. Mold exhibits darker colors such as deep green and black; mildew may begin as ... Whether you’re a seasoned contractor or a DIY enthusiast, estimating the amount of drywall needed for your project is crucial to ensure a smooth and cost-effective construction pro...Oct 6, 2023 · Vinegar can also be used to treat black mold in bathroom walls since the acid is able to penetrate drywall, which is relatively porous. If the vinegar smell is too strong, baking soda can also ... Black mold can also grow in irregular patterns, appearing as dark splotches upon walls and floors. Because of its propensity for moisture, black mold tends to appear shiny or slimy in texture. But ...Black Mold On Top Of The Drywall Paint. If the mold is on top of the paint, removal is simple. Step 1: While wearing gloves and a respirator to protect you from spores, use plastic to cover the floor. Step 2: Make a cleaning solution with half a cup of bleach to one gallon of water. spinning classeshow to get old w2s Toxic black mold, or Stachybotrys chartarum, as it's known to scientists, can release spores as it feeds on organic materials in common household materials like drywall, carpet, insulation or sub-flooring that have been exposed to moisture. These spores, if ingested or inhaled, can cause a range of unpleasant and even dangerous symptoms in humans.Aug 22, 2015 ... If you get the paint / sheetrock too wet the paint will come off. Be gentle and you'll be fine. Once complete look at your register and see if ...Mold can also grow in dust, paints, wallpaper, insulation, drywall, carpet, fabric, and upholstery. The most common indoor molds are Cladosporium, Penicillium, ...Wallpaper. Wood walls. Cinder block walls. Painted walls. What is black mold? Simply put, molds are a microscopic living organism. A single spore is so tiny that it cannot be seen …Mold grows and spreads quickly in the right conditions, which include: Moisture level (humidity) at or over 70%; Adequate food source (such as drywall) OxygenLook for discoloration and stains: The mold in your drywall may not be on it, but rather in it. If you’re seeing discoloration or stains on your walls, then that’s a good sign there’s mold within it. If you’ve had a … high resolution computer backgrounds On drywall, black mold appears as black patches on the surface. If you find black patches on the outer part of the wall, there is a chance that the black molds have been grown behind the wall as well. The first sign of black mold can be easily found on the corner of the drywall. It starts as some dots in random patterns at first but can grow ...Identifying Mold on Drywall Common signs of mold on drywall. When it comes to identifying mold on drywall, there are a few key signs you can look out for. The most obvious sign is the presence of visible mold growth, which can appear as black, green, or even pink patches on the surface of the drywall.STEP 5: Observe whether mold appears in the dish. After 2 days have passed, the homeowner can check the petri dish for signs of mold growth. If mold is present, it will look similar to the mold ... furnace replacementrich old man A common misconception is that you can successfully remove mold with chlorine bleach. Chlorine bleach is extremely effective at killing bacteria, but not mold. Bleach is composed of chlorine (4%) and water (96%). The chlorine will not penetrate any surface; it will possibly only kill what is on the affected surface. You’ll save money on your remodeling project by installing drywall yourself. Read on for more information about the price range you can expect for different types of drywall. Beadb... best cheap rum Black mold is a type of mold that grows on damp or water-damaged surfaces, such as drywall. Learn how to spot black mold, what it looks like, and how to safely clean it up with natural solutions or …Our black mold photos above and below show dense black fungal growth on drywall (black mold on Sheetrock™ type wall surfaces) in areas that have been very wet. The distinct top edge of mold growth may mark a flood water level or a discontinuity in the wall material, such as a tape joint in drywall that affected the moisture gradient in the ...Estimated Cost: $5 to $10. When mold spores are exposed to moderate temperatures and moisture, they begin to grow and multiply. Consequently, our homes, especially bathrooms and damp basements, …Allow the area to air dry completely. Once the area is dry, apply a mold prevention primer to the affected area. Allow the primer to dry completely, then apply mold prevention paint to the area. Keep the area adequately ventilated to prevent future mold growth. Monitor the area for any signs of mold growth and repeat steps 2 to 8 as …Black mold can be unhealthy and dangerous if left untreated in your home. It can cause health problems as well as lead to more costly damage. Removal of black mold is not as easy a... masters in computer science salarysam's club plus membership discount Mold on Painted Drywall If you find mold on drywall that is painted or primed then the good news is you shouldn't have to remove the drywall. This is because the mold should be just on the surface and shouldn't have penetrated into the drywall itself. Wipe or scrub the mold away using a cleaning product or mold killing solution.5. Once you have mold in the bucket, the compound is no good. After using some compound from a bucket, I found that if I cover the unused compound with cellophane it helps to extend the life of the bucket. Take a bucket scoop to push all the unused compound into the bottom of the bucket, then cover it with the plastic.Signs of black mold in your home. This type of fungus will show several signs to help you with its positive identification. Some of the ways to identify it and the spread of its spores include: A musty odor in areas where it grows. Discolored walls, ceilings, floors and other areas. Water damaged or rotted flooring, ceiling and wall materials.STEP 5: Observe whether mold appears in the dish. After 2 days have passed, the homeowner can check the petri dish for signs of mold growth. If mold is present, it will look similar to the mold ...Estimated Cost: $5 to $10. When mold spores are exposed to moderate temperatures and moisture, they begin to grow and multiply. Consequently, our homes, especially bathrooms and damp basements, …If the mold is already there, then you can kill it with these useful options. 1. Use a Bleach/Water Combination. Using a mixture of 0.5 cup bleach to 1 quart water, take a scrub brush and lightly brush the drywall until all of the signs of mold disappear. You’ll want to wipe off the surface once it has disappeared, but make sure you don’t ...A: Painting over mold may cover up the dark patches where the mold is growing, but it will not eliminate the problem. Mold is a fungus that will thrive where there’s enough moisture to encourage ...Sep 3, 2021 · Black Mold On Top Of The Drywall Paint. If the mold is on top of the paint, removal is simple. Step 1: While wearing gloves and a respirator to protect you from spores, use plastic to cover the floor. Step 2: Make a cleaning solution with half a cup of bleach to one gallon of water. Dec 22, 2023 · Mix a solution of five parts distilled white vinegar and five parts water to one part baking soda. Mix well and apply with a spray bottle. Saturate the mold and allow the spray to sit for 30 minutes to an hour before scrubbing with a sponge or scrub brush. Get rid of any items that have mold, such as old towels or toiletries. The Chinese drywall exported from 2001-2009 was found to be defective, containing high levels of the sulfurous gases – carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide. These emissions, which have the odor of rotten eggs, worsen as temperature and humidity rise. They cause copper surfaces to turn black and powdery, a chemical process ...Make absolutely sure that there is no longer any visible mold, discoloration or mold odor present. Remember, any rags you use for this step should go straight in the trash! Direct a fan at the newly cleaned area of the ceiling. Keep the fan on medium or high and allow it to dry the area for at least an hour.When it comes to home improvement projects, one of the most common tasks is hanging drywall. Whether you’re renovating a room or building an entire house from scratch, accurately e...Wipe the surface clean. 2. Kill mold with tea tree oil. You can use this spray on all kinds of surfaces. It's completely nontoxic and natural, and it kills black mold effectively, as it's a natural fungicide. Mix 2 teaspoons of tea tree oil and 2 cups of water. Pour the solution into a spray bottle.Bicide https://amzn.to/2NgMavd Red poles to hold up plastic https://amzn.to/2ITiS1z Moisture meter https://amzn.to/2Ng3PmK Part 1 https://youtu.be/9nomS4...Black mold after water leaks. Black mold usually develops in fibre-rich areas such as wood or drywall that are damp. The ideal temperature at which it can grow is around 70 degrees Fahrenheit. In the first days,It’s able to grow at one square inch per day, later on spreading rapidly! Therefore, any water leak that affects fibre rich areas can ... customized kooziewealthfront apy Apr 14, 2023 · RMR-86 mold stain remover is safe to use on most surfaces, including drywall, vinyl siding, concrete, brick, and kitchen and bathroom tiles. This product is available in a 32-ounce spray bottle, a ... 2. Water damage can cause drywall to bubble or flake, but mold will have a slimy, fuzzy, or powdery texture. Water damage from leaks, flooding, or persistent humidity can cause noticeable issues ... jewish bedtime prayer If the mold is already there, then you can kill it with these useful options. 1. Use a Bleach/Water Combination. Using a mixture of 0.5 cup bleach to 1 quart water, take a scrub brush and lightly brush the drywall until all of the signs of mold disappear. You’ll want to wipe off the surface once it has disappeared, but make sure you don’t ...The Chinese drywall exported from 2001-2009 was found to be defective, containing high levels of the sulfurous gases – carbon disulfide, carbonyl sulfide, and hydrogen sulfide. These emissions, which have the odor of rotten eggs, worsen as temperature and humidity rise. They cause copper surfaces to turn black and powdery, a chemical process ...The most common types of mold found growing on drywall are black, blue, green, white, and orange. 1. Black Mold (Aspergillus Mold): Black mold is a dark-colored fungus that is commonly found on damp surfaces such as wet drywall or wood paneling. Although it is not always visible to the naked eye, you may be able to spot it by forming …Wipe the surface clean. 2. Kill mold with tea tree oil. You can use this spray on all kinds of surfaces. It's completely nontoxic and natural, and it kills black mold effectively, as it's a natural fungicide. Mix 2 teaspoons of tea tree oil and 2 cups of water. Pour the solution into a spray bottle.Step 2. Mark and Cut the Area. Measure and mark around the perimeter of the affected area with an appropriate marking tool, such as a pencil or pen, then use a utility knife or jigsaw to cut along those lines and remove any portions of drywall damaged by water or mold growth.Dec 8, 2021 ... If the mold has only just begun to live on your walls, you can mix a half cup of bleach and a quart of water to create a mold killer. Mix the ...Once the barrier is installed cut out the moldy drywall pieces and place them in sealed, heavy-duty construction trash bags. Some additional tips include to ...The most common types of mold found growing on drywall are black, blue, green, white, and orange. 1. Black Mold (Aspergillus Mold): Black mold is a dark-colored fungus that is commonly found on damp surfaces such as wet drywall or wood paneling. Although it is not always visible to the naked eye, you may be able to spot it by forming …2. Water damage can cause drywall to bubble or flake, but mold will have a slimy, fuzzy, or powdery texture. Water damage from leaks, flooding, or persistent humidity can cause noticeable issues ...2. Water damage can cause drywall to bubble or flake, but mold will have a slimy, fuzzy, or powdery texture. Water damage from leaks, flooding, or persistent humidity can cause noticeable issues ... Six steps to kill mold on drywall using Borax. As with any clean-up operation, before you start make sure that you are safe. Of all types of mold, black mold spores are a particular health hazard. When removing mold, you should wear rubber gloves to protect you from infection from concentrations of spores. Also wear a mask and goggles. Identifying this problem on drywall is easier because it causes severe discoloration. However, it's difficult to identify how deep the mold has infected the ...Villa suggests first removing the mold using a diluted bleach solution of one cup of bleach to one gallon of water. Put the solution in a spray bottle and spray thoroughly on the wall’s moldy areas. Be sure to open windows and run a fan during the process. Let the bleach soak in for about 30 minutes and then use a scrub brush to remove the ...Cleaning the black mold may not be enough. You may need to discard items that have a black mold exposure. You also may need to cut out drywall with black mold and replace it with a patch. Should you have a black mold issue inside the drywall, which can happen with leaking pipes or a leaking roof, replacement is the best option.RMR-86 mold stain remover is safe to use on most surfaces, including drywall, vinyl siding, concrete, brick, and kitchen and bathroom tiles. This product is available in a 32-ounce spray bottle, a ...Step 2. Mark and Cut the Area. Measure and mark around the perimeter of the affected area with an appropriate marking tool, such as a pencil or pen, then use a utility knife or jigsaw to cut along those lines and remove any portions of drywall damaged by water or mold growth. riotfest chicagocandied grapes Cut away and replace mold-damaged drywall, ceiling tiles, and carpet. Scrub and disinfect. Cover and scrub nonporous surfaces affected by mold with bleach, a fungicide, or detergent and water ...Most holes are the results of unhappy accidents. Although a hole in your wall can make your heart drop, the fix doesn’t have to be complicated, but it may require patience and a fe...Black mold (Stachybotrys chartarum) is one of the most well known mold species because it’s the most harmful of all the molds found in indoor environments. It is typically greenish-black in colour, which makes it easy to distinguish, especially when found growing in areas of high moisture. ... White mold growth on your drywall can be ...If the drywall is undamaged, then the mold can be wiped away with a bleach and water solution. Wear disposable gloves and clean with a disposable cloth. Once the drywall has dried, wipe it down again with another bleach solution and allow it to dry again. Because of the mold growth, a source of moisture must have been present.Whether you’re a seasoned contractor or a DIY enthusiast, estimating the amount of drywall needed for your project is crucial to ensure a smooth and cost-effective construction pro...Black vs. Green Mold. Black mold goes by the scientific name Stachybotrys. Under this umbrella term are numerous species that include Stachybotrys chartarum, or toxic black mold. It grows on building materials such as drywall. When there is water damage, this black-colored fungus is a common sight. A green mold may fall …Villa suggests first removing the mold using a diluted bleach solution of one cup of bleach to one gallon of water. Put the solution in a spray bottle and spray thoroughly on the wall’s moldy areas. Be sure to open windows and run a fan during the process. Let the bleach soak in for about 30 minutes and then use a scrub brush to remove the ... portable toilet House was built in the 60's, the drywall might be that old. I cut out a pretty decent sized chunk of drywall around the clusters. The studs were fine and I didn't find any clusters on the back of the drywall or anywhere else, but I did find a bunch of random black/dark spots. These were all over the back of the drywall that the mold clusters ...Apr 6, 2022 · Vinegar can kill black mold and is best used on nonporous surfaces. White vinegar is a powerhouse for cleaning, deodorizing, and disinfecting around the house. It can also kill black mold, a mold ... 4. Cut Out Moldy Sections. Once the area is dry, you will need to cut out any moldy sections of drywall. Use a sharp knife or box cutter to cut out the moldy sections. First, cut around the moldy area. Then, cut through the paper backing of the drywall. Finally, remove the moldy piece of drywall. how to watch browns gametime base corrector ---2